Environmental
| Title | Year | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) Technology Evaluation: Dry Lime vs. Wet Limestone FGD | 2007 | Prepared by Sargent & Lundy LLC |
| Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) Technology Evaluation: Dry Technology; vs. Wet Technology | 2003 | Prepared by Sargent & Lundy LLC The reports presents the competitive position of wet and dry limestone and lime-based processes relative to reagent cost, auxiliary power cost, coal sulfur content, dispatch, capital cost, and by-product production (gypsum and SO3 aerosol mitigation chemicals). |
| Fact Sheet on Using Lime for Flue Gas Scrubbing: A Proven Solution | 2000 | Summarizes lime treatment of acidic gases for air pollution control |
| Fact Sheet on Using Lime for Acid Neutralization | 2000 | Summarizes the use of lime for treatment of acidic wastewater |
| Acid Neutralization with Lime | 1999 | In depth description of acid neutralization with lime for environmental control and manufacturing processes |
| Fact Sheet on Shipment of Quicklime by Air | 2000 | Requirements for air shipment of lime |
| Fact Sheet on Using Lime to Stabilize Biosolids | 1999 | Summarizes lime treatment of sewage sludge |
Asphalt
| Title | Year | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Evaluating the Impact of Lime on Pavement Performance - Full Report (link), Summary (link). | 2010 | Detailed results of a two-year study of lime and liquid treated asphalt from five states. Typically, lime and liquid are used as additives to combat moisture damage. This study extended the evaluation to cover the impact of lime and liquid additives on the structural performance of the HMA mixtures and their impact on the long term performance of typical HMA pavements. This study shows that lime significantly improves the cracking resistance of asphalt mixtures, while the use of liquid additives may jeopardize the cracking resistance of asphalt mixture. The results also demonstrate that lime always improves pavement performance and lowers cost compared to liquid for both new roads and repairs/overlays. (Full report: 135 pp) |
| Comparison of Lime vs. Liquid Additives on Moisture Damage of Hot Mix Asphalt Mixtures | 2007 | Provides an in-depth analysis of recent research comparing lime vs. liquid antistrip additives in reducing moisture sensitivity of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) mixtures. Includes a discussion of the behavior of HMA pavements such as strength and resistance to rutting, cracking, and fatigue and how research results relate to pavement performance. Demonstrates that lime-treated asphalt is superior to liquid-treated asphalt under a wide range of conditions. (73 pp) |
| The Benefits of Hydrated Lime in Hot Mix Asphalt | 2006 | By Peter E. Sebaaly, Dallas N. Little & Jon A. Epps: Comprehensive literature review of the multi-functional benefits of lime in asphalt: reduce stripping and water sensitivity; increase mix stiffness and reduce rutting; diminish oxidation and age-hardening effects; and improve low-temperature cracking resistance. The benefits of lime are demonstrated by laboratory testing, mechanistic-empirical models, field studies, and life cycle analysis. The benefits of lime in recycled asphalt are also presented. (80 pp) |
| Hydrated Lime - A Solution for High Performance Hot Mix Asphalt | 2006 | Fact sheet that summarizes the multifunctional benefits of lime in asphalt. (4 pp) |
| Technical Brief on Using New Pavement Design Procedures for Hot Mix Asphalt Mixtures Modified with Hydrated Lime | 2004 | An overview for highway pavement engineers and managers of a study of whether mechanistic-empirical Design Guide procedures can be used for lime-modified asphalts. The results demonstrate that evaluating asphalt mixtures containing lime will not require any new, separate, or special test protocol or analysis techniques. Mixtures containing lime exhibited an overall 25 percent average increase in stiffness -- the primary material property measure used in the Design Guide. (4 pp) |
| 2004 | Dr. M. W. Witczak and Javed Bari: This study demonstrates that the standard test and design methodologies in the new NCHRP mechanistic-empirical (M-E) pavement design guide entitled, 2002 Design Guide: Design of New & Rehabilitated Pavement Structures, can be used effectively for lime-modified asphalts. Using the new M-E pavement design guide methodologies, hydrated lime was found to increase the dynamic modulus (E*) stiffness of asphalt mixes by an overall average of 25%. | |
| How to Add Hydrated Lime to Hot Mix Asphalt | 2003 | An introduction to proven and effective methods used to add hydrated lime to asphalt to reduce stripping and enhance performance (14 pp, 1.3 MB) |
| 2003 | Gary Hicks & Todd V. Scholz: Uses methodology recommended by the Federal Highway Administration to evaluate lifetime costs of different pavement designs. | |
| Hydrated Lime - More Than Just A Filler | 2001 | Short technical paper summarizing research that demonstrates the multifunctional benefits of lime in asphalt. (15 pp) |
Soil Stabilization
| Title | Year | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Technical Brief: Mixture Design and Testing Procedures for Lime Stabilized Soil | 2006 | The mix design and testing procedures outlined in this publication are intended to help ensure the long term strength and durability of lime stabilized soils that specifying agencies, design engineers, and laboratory personnel can use with confidence for soil conditions and environmental exposures throughout the United States. These procedures are based on a series of reports by Dr. Dallas Little that summarize the literature on lime stabilization; describe mix proportioning and testing steps for lime stabilized soil; and present field validation of the procedures -- see below. This Tech Brief defines other uses of lime for soil drying or modification, but does not address mix design or testing procedures for these other applications. Construction techniques for lime treatment of soils (drying, modification, and stabilization) are addressed in another NLA publication -- see below. (6 pp) |
| Lime Treated Soils Save Time & Money | 2005 | Technical digest for the construction professional who needs an effective and economical means for dealing with unstable soils. Presents the range of lime treatment applications to dry, temporarily modify, or permanently stabilize soils. Briefly summarizes each type of lime treatment, why it is used, and how it performs. (5 pp) |
| Lime Stabilization and Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design | 2004 | By Jagannath Mallela, Harold Von Quintus, and Kelly Smith: Manual to provide guidance on how to consider and include lime-stabilized layers in pavement designs being evaluated with mechanistic-empirical (M-E) tools. The manual focuses on the M-E design approach developed under NCHRP Project 1-37A: Development of the 2002 Guide for the Design of New and Rehabilitated Pavements: Phase II, but is also applicable to other M-E design procedures. (40 pp) |
| Lime-Treated Soil Construction Manual: Lime Stabilization & Lime Modification | 2004 | Provides detailed overview of construction steps to use lime for soil drying, temporary modification, or permanent stabilization. Discusses pros and cons of alternative applications. Focuses on highway pavements, but non-highway applications also addressed. (11th ed., 41 pp) |
| Manual De Estabilización de Suelo Tratado con Cal: Estabilizacion y Modificacion con Cal | 2004 | Proporciona un sustantivo detallado del uso de cal en construcción para secar suelos, modificaciones temporarias o estabilización permanente. Discusión de los pros y los contras de aplicaciones alternativas. Este manual se enfoca en autopistas caladas pero también trata aplicaciones que no son para autopistas. (11th ed., 41 pp) |
| Fact Sheet on Using Lime for Soil Stabilization and Modification | 2001 | Overview of lime stabilization procedures and benefits. |
| Evaluation of Structural Properties of Lime Stabilized Soils and Aggregates: Volume 1 Summary of Findings | 2001 | by Dallas N. Little |
| Evaluation of Structural Properties of Lime Stabilized Soils and Aggregates: Volume 4 Example Illustrating the MDTP | 2001 | by Dallas N. Little |
| Technical Memorandum: Guidelines for Stabilization of Soils Containing Sulfates | 2001 | Detailed discussion and guidelines for using lime in sulfate-bearing soils. |
| Evaluation of Structural Properties of Lime Stabilized Soils and Aggregates: Volume 3 Mixture Design and Testing Procedure (MDTP) | 1999 | by Dallas N. Little |
| Fact Sheet on Using Lime to Dry Up Mud | 1997 | Simple instructions for using lime to stabilize and dry small areas. |
| Stabilization of Pavement Subgrades & Base Courses with Lime | 1995 | Advanced text on geotechnical uses of lime stabilization, reaction mechanisms, engineering properties, and life cycle costs. Includes research findings from major universities. (1995, 219 pp) [Not currently available from NLA; can be ordered from the Lime Association of Texas at 254-723-LIME or Austin White Lime at 1-800-553-LIME.] |
Building Construction (see also, buildinglime.org)
| Title | Year | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 2005 International Building Lime Symposium Proceedings (ISBN 0-9767621-0-2) , See Abstracts | 2005 | State-of-the-art papers on lime in contemporary and historic building applications, including mortar, plaster, stucco, and limewashes. CD includes 39 papers by authors from 10 countries (To order Proceedings CD, click here. Cost $30.00 plus shipping and handling). Also included are several important historical documents related to building lime. Also, see Abstracts (42 pp) |
| Lime-Based Mortars Create Water Tight Walls | 2000 | Technical summary on lime mortar's effectiveness in resisting moisture damage. |
| Fact Sheet on Hydrated Lime for Masonry Purposes | 1999 | Includes uses for mortar, stucco, masonry, and masonry cement. |
| Efflorescence of Mortars | 1990 | Discusses causes of efflorescence including construction/design practices, masonry units, and mortar materials. Includes research information. (Reprinted 1990 (1966), 7 pp) |
| Durability of Mortar & Masonry | 1989 | Reviews the use of lime in mortar for watertight walls and durable masonry structures. Also, autogenous healing, efflorescence, air content, and permeability. (Reprinted 1989 (1964), 5 pp) |
| Strength Considerations of Mortar & Masonry | 1989 | Describes attributes of well-balanced lime-cement mortars for strength, improved workability, and water retentivity for maximum adhesion and bond. (Reprinted 1989 (1964), 8 pp) |
| Bond of Mortar to Masonry Units | 1985 | Discusses factors influencing strength, extent, and durability of bond, and the ability of lime to make mortar highly plastic and workable. (Reprinted 1985 (1964), 10 pp) |
General
| Title | Year | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Fact Sheet: Lime Terminology, Standards & Properties | 2007 | Information on lime standards, constants and conversions |
| LIME: The Essential Chemical | National Lime Association | |
| LIME in Your Life | National Lime Association |